Fomula ya misa peresenti ndi chikalata chothandiza kwambiri chomwe lero magmareport.net ikufuna kudziwitsa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira a sitandade 9 kuti adziwe.
Mukuwona: Fomula yamaperesenti yopangidwa ndi misa
Momwe mungawerengere kuchuluka kwa misa phatikizani chidziwitso chowerengera, zitsanzo zowonetsera ndi mitundu ina ya masewera olimbitsa thupi omwe ali ndi mayankho. Kupyolera mu chikalatachi, zimathandiza ophunzira a kalasi ya 9 kuti afotokoze ndikukonzekera chidziwitso chawo kuti athetse mwamsanga masewera a Chemistry 9. Kotero apa pali tsatanetsatane wa chikalatacho, ndikukupemphani kuti mutsatire apa.
1. Kodi misa peresenti ndi chiyani?
Misa peresenti idzawonetsa kuchuluka kwa chinthu chilichonse mu mankhwala.
Kuti tipeze misa peresenti, tiyenera kudziwa kuchuluka kwa molar kwa zinthu zomwe zili mumagulu mu gramu / mol kapena kuchuluka kwa magalamu a zinthu zomwe zimapanga yankho.
Misa peresenti imawerengedwa ndi njira yosavuta yomwe imagawaniza kuchuluka kwa chinthu (kapena solute) ndi kuchuluka kwa pawiri (kapena yankho).
2. Chemical mass percent formula
Podziwa chilinganizo cha gulu lomwe laperekedwa, ophunzira amatha kuwerengera kuchuluka kwake potengera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zili pagululo ndi njira zotsatirazi:
Khwerero 1: Werengani kuchuluka kwa molar wa AxBy:
Khwerero 2: Werengani kuchuluka kwa timadontho ta chinthu chilichonse chomwe chili mu mole imodzi ya AxBy. Mole 1 ya AxBy molekyulu ili ndi: x moles wa atomu A ndi y moles wa atomu B.
– Werengani kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zili mu mole imodzi ya AxBy.
mA = x.MA
mB = y.MB
– Werengetsani kuchuluka kwa chinthu chilichonse molingana ndi formula:
Kapena %mB = 100% – %mA
Kapena %mB = 100% – %mA
Zindikirani: Njira yomwe ili pamwambayi ikhoza kuwonjezeredwa kumagulu ndi 3, 4, … zinthu.
Chitsanzo 1: Werengetsani kuchuluka kwa % kwa chinthu cha Al mu aluminium oxide Al2O3
Mayankho omwe aperekedwa
Tili ndi: Al = 27 => MAl = 27 g
Al2O3 = 2.27 + 3.16 = 102 => MAL 2 O 3 = 102 g
%mAl = 2.27/102.100% = 52.94%
Titha kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa % ya oxygen yomwe ilipo
Al2O3 = 100% – 52.94% = 47.06%
Chitsanzo 2: Dziwani kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zili mugulu la KNO3
Yankho loperekedwa:
Kulemera kwa molar: MKNO3 = 39 + 14 + 16.3 = 101 magalamu / mol
Mu 1 mole ya KNO3 pali: 1 mole ya ma atomu K; 1 mole ya ma atomu a N ndi 3 timadontho ta ma atomu a O
Maperesenti opangidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa maelementi ndi:
%mK = 39.100%/101 = 36.8%
%mN = 14.100%/101= 13.8%
%mO = 16.3.100%/101= 47.6% kapena %mO = 100% – (36.8% + 13.8%) = 47.6%
3. Kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zili mugululi
Kuchokera ku formula yopatsidwa yamankhwala AxBy titha kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa zinthuzo:
mA : mB = x.MA : y.MB
Mwachitsanzo: Dziwani kuchuluka kwa zinthu za carbon ndi hydrogen mu mpweya C2H4
Mayankho omwe aperekedwa
Tili ndi: C = 12.2 = 24 magalamu
H = 4.1 = 4
Mu mole imodzi ya C2H4, muli maatomu 2 C ndi maatomu 4 H
mC : mH = 2.12 : 4.1 = 24 : 4 = 6:1
Zindikirani: Ngati mukudziwa % kapangidwe ndi kulemera kwa zinthu, ndiye kupanga chiŵerengero molingana ndi chiwerengero ichi, mwachitsanzo: Fe2O3 pamwambapa, timapeza% mFe = 70% ndi% mO = 30%. Kenako mFe : mO = 7:3
4. Werengani kuchuluka kwa chinthu chomwe chilipo mu kuchuluka kodziwika kwa chinthucho
Ngati m ndi kuchuluka kwa chinthu chodziwika bwino chokhala ndi mankhwala a AxBy, titha kuwerengera ma A ngati kuchuluka kwa chinthu A pogwiritsa ntchito njira iyi:
Mwachitsanzo: Werengani kuchuluka kwa chinthu chomwe chilipo mu 8 g wamchere wa sulphate CuSO4
Mayankho omwe aperekedwa
Tili ndi: CuSO4 = 64 + 32 + 64 = 160 => MCuSO 4 = 160 g
5. Fomula ya kuchuluka kwa maperesenti
Njira 1.
Pezani molar mass of the compound
+ Pezani kuchuluka kwa timadontho ta chinthu chilichonse mu mole imodzi yapawiri ndikuchepetsa
Pezani kuchuluka kwa maelementi pagulu
Njira 2. Ganizirani chilinganizo chamankhwala: AxByCz
Kapena %C = 100% – (%A + %B)
Mwachitsanzo: Natural phosphate ndi feteleza wa phosphate yemwe sanapangidwe ndi mankhwala, chinthu chachikulu ndi calcium phosphate yokhala ndi formula ya mankhwala Ca3(PO4)2
Mayankho omwe aperekedwa
Khwerero 1: Dziwani kuchuluka kwa molar kwa pawiri.
MCa 3 (PO 4 ) 2 = 40.3 + 31.2 + 16.4.2 = 310 g/mol
Gawo 2: Dziwani kuchuluka kwa timadontho ta chinthu chilichonse mu mole imodzi yapawiri
Mu 1 mole ya Ca3(PO4)2 pali: 3 moles wa ma atomu a Ca, 2 timadontho ta ma atomu a P ndi ma moles 8 a ma atomu a O.
Khwerero 3: Werengani % kapangidwe ka chinthu chilichonse.
6. Pangani mankhwala ophatikizika potengera kuchuluka kwake (%) ndi kulemera
Njira zodziwira mtundu wa mankhwala a pawiri
Gawo 1: Pezani kuchuluka kwa chinthu chilichonse mu mole imodzi yapawiri.
Khwerero 2: Pezani kuchuluka kwa timadontho ta chinthucho mu mole imodzi yapawiri.
Khwerero 3: Konzani mankhwala opangira mankhwala.
Mwachitsanzo: Kuphatikizika kwa mpweya kumakhala ndi % yopangidwa ndi kulemera kwa 82.35% N ndi 17.65% H. Dziwani mtundu wa mankhwala a chinthucho. Kachulukidwe wa gasi wokhala ndi haidrojeni ndi 8.5.
Mayankho omwe aperekedwa
Kuchuluka kwa molar kwa gaseous compound ndi: M = d, MH 2 = 8.5.2 = 17 (magalamu / mol)
Chiwerengero cha ma moles a chinthu chilichonse mu 1 mole ya pawiri:
Mu molekyulu imodzi yapawiri ya mpweya, pali: 1 mole ya ma atomu a N ndi ma moles atatu a ma atomu a H.
Njira yamankhwala yapawiriyi ndi NH3.
7. Werengani kuchuluka kwa misa pomwe misa sidziwika
Khwerero 1: Dziwani equation ya kuchuluka kwa misala pagulu
Lembani equation kumayambiriro kwa vuto: mass percent = (molecular mass of the element/molecular mass of the compound) x 100. Mayunitsi a zinthu ziwirizi ndi magalamu pa mole (g/mol). sichipereka misa, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito misa ya molar kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa chinthucho.
Gawo 2: Lembani formula ya mankhwala
Ngati vuto silipereka ma formula a mankhwala a pawiri iliyonse, tiyenera kuwalemba.
3: Pezani kuchuluka kwa chinthu chilichonse pagulu.
Yang’anani kulemera kwa molekyulu ya chinthu chilichonse mu fomula ya mankhwala pa periodic table Ma Elemental mass nthawi zambiri amalembedwa pansi pa chizindikiro cha mankhwala Lembani kulemera kwa chinthu chilichonse mu pawiri.
Khwerero 4: Chulukitsani misa ya atomiki ndi chiŵerengero cha molar.
Dziwani kuchuluka kwa ma moles (chiwerengero cha molar) cha chinthu chilichonse mumagulu a mankhwala. Chulukitsani kuchuluka kwa ma atomiki a chinthu chilichonse ndi chiŵerengero cha molar.
Khwerero 5: Yerekezerani kuchuluka kwapawiri.
Onjezani unyinji wa maelementi onse mu pawiri Unyinji wonse wa pawiri ukhoza kuwerengedwa kudzera mu molar mass. Nambala iyi idzakhala denominator mu mass percent equation.
Khwerero 6: Dziwani kuchuluka kwa chinthu kuti muwerengere kuchuluka kwake.
Vuto likakufunsani kuti mupeze “mass percent,” muyenera kupeza kuchuluka kwa chinthu china mu pawiri monga gawo la kuchuluka kwa zinthu zonse.Zindikirani ndikulemba. Unyinji uwu ndi misa yomwe imawonetsedwa ngati chiŵerengero cha molar. Nambala iyi ndi nambala mu equation ya mass percent.
Khwerero 7: Sinthani zosinthazo kukhala kuchuluka kwa maperesenti.
Pambuyo pozindikira kufunika kwa kusintha kulikonse, ingolowetsani m’malo mwa equation yomwe yafotokozedwa mu sitepe yoyamba:
Misa peresenti = (mamolekyu amtundu wa chinthu / molekyulu yamagulu) x 100.
Khwerero 8: Werengani kuchuluka kwa maperesenti.
Tsopano popeza equation yadzazidwa, muyenera kungowerengera kuchuluka kwa misa.
Gawani unyinji wa chinthucho ndi misa yonse ya pawiri, ndiyeno muchulukitse ndi 100. Ichi ndi misa peresenti ya chinthucho mu pawiri.
8. Chitsanzo cha misa peresenti
Chitsanzo 1: Werezerani kuchuluka kwa zinthu potengera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zili mugulu ili:
a) SO2
b) Fe2(SO4)3
Mayankho omwe aperekedwa
a) MSO 2 = 32 +16.2 = 64
Mole imodzi ya SO2 ili ndi mole imodzi ya S ndi 2 timadontho ta O
%S = mS/mSO 2 .100%= 32/64.100% = 50%
%O = 100% – %m S= 100% – 50% = 50%
b) MFe2(SO4)3 = 56.2 + (32+16.4).3 = 400
1 mol Fe2(SO4)3 ili ndi 2 mol Fe, 12 mol O, 3 mol S
% mFe= mFe/400.100% = 56/400.100% = 28%
% mS= mS/400.100% = 24%
% mO= mO/400.100% = 48%
Chitsanzo 2: Feteleza wamankhwala omwe ali ndi chinthu chachikulu ndi KNO3 (K = 39; N = 14; O = 16). Tiyeni tiwerengere kuchuluka kwake: %mK = ?; %mN = ?; %mO = ?
Mayankho omwe aperekedwa
+ Werengani kuchuluka kwa molar (M) pagulu: MKNO3= 39 +14 + (3.16) = 101
+ Mu mole imodzi ya KNO3: pali mole imodzi ya ma atomu a K; 3 moles wa ma atomu O; 1 mole ya N . atomu
(Mwa kuyankhula kwina mu 101g KNO3: pali 39 g K; 14 g N ndi 3.16 g O)
+ Werengani kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zili mugulu la Fe2(SO4)3
%mO ≈ 100% – (38.6% + 13.8%) = 47.6%
9. Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa misa
Phunziro 1: Werezerani kuchuluka kwa maelementi azinthu mumgawo wotsatirawu:
a) Ncl
b) Al2O3
c) H2SO4
d) K2CO3
Mayankho omwe aperekedwa
a) Ncl
Kulemera kwa molar kwa chinthu choperekedwa: MNaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5 g
Maperesenti (kuchuluka) kwa zinthu zomwe zimapezeka mumagulu
%Na = (23,100)/58.5 = 39.32 %
%Cl = (35.5,100)/58.5 = 60.68%
b) Al2O3
Kulemera kwa molar kwa chinthu choperekedwa: MAl2O3 = 23.2+16.3 = 102
Maperesenti (kuchuluka) kwa zinthu zomwe zimapezeka mumagulu
%Al = (27.2,100)/102 = 52.94%
%O = (16.3.100)/102 = 47.06%
c) H2SO4
Molar kulemera kwa chinthu choperekedwa: MH2SO4 = 1. 2 + 32 + 16 . 4 = 98g pa
Maperesenti (kuchuluka) kwa zinthu zomwe zimapezeka mumagulu
%H = (1.2.100)/98 = 2.04%
%S = (32,100)/98 = 32.65%
%O = (16.4,100)/98 = 65.31%
d) Molar kulemera kwa chinthu choperekedwa: MK2CO3= 39 . 2 + 16 . 3 = 138g
Maperesenti (kuchuluka) kwa zinthu zomwe zimapezeka mumagulu
%K = (39.2 .100)/138 = 56.5%
%C = (12,100)/138 = 8.7%
%O = (16.3 . 100)/138 = 34.8%
Phunziro 2: Pawiri yokhala ndi chilinganizo chamankhwala C6H12O6. Chonde onetsani:
a) Kuchuluka kwa molar kwa gawo lomwe laperekedwa.
b) Maperesenti opangidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa maelementi omwe amapezeka pagulu.
Mayankho omwe aperekedwa
Kulemera kwa molar kwa chinthu choperekedwa: MC6H12O6 = 12.6 + 1.6 + 16.6 = 174
Maperesenti (kuchuluka) kwa zinthu zomwe zimapezeka mumagulu
%C = (12.6,100)/174 = 41.38%
%H = (1.12.100)174 = 6.9%
%O = 100% – 41.38% – 6.9% = 51.72%
Phunziro 3: Kuti achulukitse zokolola, mlimi amapita kogulitsa feteleza kukagula feteleza wa nayitrogeni. Sitolo ili ndi mitundu iyi ya feteleza wa nayitrogeni: NH4NO3 (2 tsamba nayitrogeni), (NH2)2CO (urea), (NH4)2SO4 (1 tsamba nayitrogeni)? M’malingaliro anu, ngati mlimi agula 500kg ya fetereza ya nitrogen, ndi feteleza wamtundu uti womwe uyenera kukhala wopindulitsa kwambiri?
Mayankho omwe aperekedwa
Werengetsani zomwe zili mu% ndi kuchuluka kwa Nayitrojeni mumagulu
Ndiye zitha kuwoneka kuti N zomwe zili mu feteleza wa urea CO(NH2)2 ndizokwera kwambiri
Phunziro 4: Ndi mankhwala ati omwe ali ndi CuO kwambiri: CuO, Cu2O, CuSO4.5H2O, Cu(OH)2, CuCl2?
Yankhani
Ku2O
Phunziro 5: Yerekezerani kuchuluka kwa Fe mumitundu iwiri yotsatira ya ore: Inmenite FeTiO3 ndi Hematite Fe2O3.
Mayankho omwe aperekedwa
Inmenite ore ili ndi %Fe = .100% = 36.84%
Hematite ore ndi %Fe = .100% = 70%
ð Hematite ore ali ndi kuchuluka kwa misa peresenti ya Fe kuposa inmenite ore
Phunziro 6: Wolima dimba adagwiritsa ntchito 250 magalamu a NH4NO3 kuthira masamba.
a) Kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa michere yomwe ili mu feteleza.
b) Kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa michere yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kumunda wamasamba.
Mayankho omwe aperekedwa
a) Kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa N mu NH4NO3 ndikofanana ndi:
b) Kuchuluka kwa michere yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito m’munda wa masamba ndi:
Mu 80g wa NH4NO3 muli 28g wa N
Mu 250 magalamu a NH4NO3 pali x magalamu a N =>
Phunziro 7: Werezerani kuchuluka kwa kapangidwe kake (kuchuluka) kwa zinthu zamakhemikolo zomwe zili mumagulu awa:
a) Fe(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)3
b) N2O, AYI, NO2
Mayankho omwe aperekedwa
a) MFe(NO3)2 = 56 + 14.2 + 16.3.2 = 180
%Fe = 56/180 .100% = 31.11%
%N = 28/180 .100% = 15.56%
%O = 100% – 31.11% – 15.56% = 53.33%
MFe(NO3)3 = 56 + 14.2 + 16.3.3 = 228
%Fe = 56/228 .100% = 24.56%
%N = 28/228 .100% = 12.28%
%O = 100% – 24.56% – 12.28% = 63.16%
Phunziro 8: Pawiri ali ndi zoyambira zikuchokera kulemera kwa: 40% Cu; 20% S ndi 40% O. Dziwani mtundu wa mankhwala a chinthucho. Kulemera kwake kumakhala 160 g / mol.
Mayankho omwe aperekedwa
Mu 1 mole ya pawiri (M = 160 magalamu / mol) ndiye:
mCu = 160.40% = 64 gm => nCu = 64:64 = 1mol
mS = 160.20% = 32 magalamu => nS = 32:32 = 1 mol
mO = 160.40% = 64 gm => noO = 64:16 = 4 mol
Chifukwa chake mawonekedwe a pawiri ndi CuSO4
Phunziro 9: Pezani chilinganizo cha mankhwala a chinthu X ndi molar mass MX = 170 (g/mol), kapangidwe ka zinthu ndi misa: 63.53% Ag; 8.23% N, ena O.
Onaninso: Lembani chilinganizo cha ntchito ya magetsi, ntchito ya magetsi ali ndi unit ndi
Mayankho omwe aperekedwa
mN = 8,23,170/100 = 14 magalamu => nN = 14/14 = 1mol
mAg = 63.53.170/100 = 108 magalamu => nAg = 108/108 = 1mol
Ma gramu a O
%O = 100% – (63.53% + 8.23%) = 28.24%
mO = 28.24.170/100 = 48 magalamu => noO = 48/16 = 3 mol
Mu molekyulu yamagulu, pali: 1 mole ya ma atomu a N ndi ma mole 3 a ma atomu a O, 1 mole ya ma atomu a Ag.
