VnHocTap.com imayambitsa giredi 10 nkhani yamphamvu yamkati komanso kusintha kwamphamvu kwamkati, kuti awathandize kuphunzira bwino mu pulogalamu ya Physics 10.

Mukuwona: Mphamvu yamkati ya mpweya wabwino ndi

Zomwe zili m’nkhaniyi Mphamvu zamkati ndi mphamvu zamkati:§1. MPHAMVU YAMKATI NDI MPHAMVU YAMKATI WOSINTHA I. Cholinga cha chidziwitso Mphamvu ya mkati: Mphamvu ya mkati mwa chinthu ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu za kinetic ndi mphamvu zomwe zingatheke za mamolekyu omwe amapanga chinthucho. Zindikirani: Mphamvu ya mkati mwa chinthu imadalira kutentha ndi kuchuluka kwa chinthu U = f(T;V) Kusintha kwa mphamvu ya mkati: ndiko kuwonjezeka kapena kuchepa kwa mphamvu zamkati mkati mwa ntchito. Pali njira ziwiri zosinthira mphamvu zamkati: 1. Gwirani ntchito Chitsanzo: Kutenthetsa chitsulo pogundana Chitani ntchito: ∆ = UA Pa mpweya wabwino: A pV U Komwe: p ndi mphamvu ya gasi ∆V ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu. (m3) 2. Kusintha kutentha 2.1. Kutentha kwa kutentha Njira yosinthira mphamvu yamkati popanda kugwira ntchito imatchedwa kutentha kwa kutentha. Chitsanzo: Kutenthetsa chitsulo poviika m’madzi otentha 2.2. Kutentha Muyeso wa kusintha kwa mphamvu yamkati mkati mwa kutentha kutentha ndi kutentha. Kuchuluka kwa kutentha komwe chinthu cholimba kapena chamadzimadzi chimayamwa kapena kumasulidwa kutentha kumasintha kumawerengedwa motsatira ndondomekoyi: Q mc t Kutentha: Mulingo wa kusintha kwa mphamvu yamkati mkati mwa kutentha ndi kutentha: U Q Kumene: Q – ndi kutentha komwe kumatengedwa. kapena kutulutsidwa (J) m – ndi kulemera (kg) c – ndiko kutentha kwapadera kwa chinthu ∆t – ndi kutentha kwa kutentha (°C kapena °K) Dziwani: Momwe mungasinthire unit pressure unit.II. Chitsanzo chowonetsera Chitsanzo 1: Kuti mudziwe kutentha kwenikweni kwachitsulo, calorimeter yomwe ili ndi 500g ya madzi pa 15 ° C imayikidwa mu calorimeter ndi m = 400g ndi kutenthedwa kufika 100 ° C. . Kutentha kwa kutentha ndi 20 ° C. Kuwerengera mphamvu yeniyeni ya kutentha kwachitsulo. Musanyalanyaze mtengo wa calorific wotentha calorie ndi mpweya. Yankho: Kutentha kwatuluka Kutentha: Yankho C. Malangizo paphunziro: Samalani ndondomeko yowerengera kutentha Q mc t Chitsanzo 2: Ketulo ya aluminiyamu yokhala ndi m = 350g imakhala ndi madzi okwana 2.75kg kuphika pa chitofu. Mukalandira kutentha kwa 650KJ, ketulo imafika kutentha kwa 60°C. Funsani kutentha koyamba kwa ketulo, podziwa Cal = 880 J/kg.K Yankho: Kuwotcha: Kutentha kochokera ku ketulo ya aluminiyamu Yankho B. Chitsanzo 3: Kuti mudziwe mphamvu ya kutentha kwa chinthu chamadzimadzi, madziwo amathiridwa 20 g madzi pa 100 ° C. Pakakhala kutentha kwapakati, kutentha kwa madzi osakaniza ndi 37.5 ° C, mh 140g. Popeza kutentha kwake koyambirira ndi 20°C Kutentha kwapadera kwamadzi omwe ali pamwambawa ndi: A. 2000 J/Kg.K B. 4200 J/Kg.K C. 5200J/Kg.K D. 2500J/Kg.K Yankho: Kutentha kumasulidwa Kutentha kwatenthedwa Yankho D. Chitsanzo 4: Kuti adziwe kutentha kwa ng’anjo, anthu amadalira chitsulo m = 22.3g. Chitsulo chikakhala ndi kutentha kofanana ndi kutentha kwa ng’anjo, anthu amachichotsa ndikuchitsitsa nthawi yomweyo mu calorimeter yomwe ili ndi 450g ya madzi pa 15 ° C, kutentha kwa madzi kumakwera kufika 22.5 ° C. Dziwani kutentha kwa uvuni. Yankho: Kutentha kumasulidwa Yankho lotengera A. Chitsanzo 5: Kapu ya aluminiyamu m = 100g imakhala ndi 300g yamadzi pa 20°C. Supuni ya 75g yamkuwa imathiridwa mu kapu yamadzi, yongotengedwa mumphika wamadzi otentha pa 100 ° C. Dziwani kutentha kwa madzi mu beaker pamene kutentha kuli kofanana. Kunyalanyaza kutentha kwa kunja. Tengani Cu A. 25°C B. 50°C C. 21.7°C D. 27.1°C Yankho: III. Zochita za Luso Funso 1: Ndi chiyani mwa izi chomwe chili choona chokhudza njira zosinthira mphamvu ya mkati mwa chinthu? A. Mphamvu ya mkati mwa chinthu imatha kusinthidwa m’njira ziwiri: kugwira ntchito ndi kusamutsa kutentha. B. Njira yosinthira mphamvu yamkati yokhudzana ndi kusamuka kwa zinthu zina zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pa chinthu chomwe chikuganiziridwacho chimatchedwa ntchito yomwe yachitika. C. Njira yosinthira ziro mphamvu yamkati pogwira ntchito imatchedwa kutentha kutentha. D. Ziganizo A, B, C zonse ndi zolondola Funso 2: Ndi ziganizo ziti zokhuza mphamvu ya mkati zomwe sizowona? A. Mphamvu zamkati zimatha kusinthidwa kukhala mphamvu zina. B. Mphamvu zamkati ndi kuchuluka kwa kutentha kwa chinthu chomwe chimalandira panthawi ya kutentha. C. Mphamvu ya mkati mwa chinthu imatha kuonjezedwa kapena kuchepetsedwa. D. Mphamvu yamkati ya mpweya wabwino sizidalira kuchuluka kwa mpweya, koma kutentha Funso 3: Pamene kutentha kumasamutsidwa ku gasi wambiri, mpweya wa gasi ukhoza: A. kuwonjezera mphamvu zamkati ndikugwira ntchito B. kuchepetsa mkati mphamvu ya mphamvu ndi ntchito C. zonse A ndi B ndi zolondola D. zonse A ndi B ndi zolakwika Funso 4: Chinthu cha mass m chimakhala ndi kutentha kwapadera c, ndipo kutentha koyambirira ndi komaliza ndi t1 ndi t2. Njira Q cm tt imagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa: A. mphamvu zamkati. B. mphamvu yotentha. C. mtengo wa calorific. D. mphamvu. Funso 5: Gawo la kutentha kwapadera mu dongosolo la SI ndi: A. J/g madigiri. B. J/kg madigiri. C. kJ/kg madigiri. D. cal/g digiri. Funso 6: Mphamvu ya mkati mwa chinthu ndi A. mphamvu zonse za kinetic ndi mphamvu zomwe zingatheke pa chinthucho. B. kuchuluka kwa mphamvu za kinetic ndi kuthekera kwa mamolekyu omwe amapanga chinthucho. C. kutentha kwathunthu ndi mphamvu zamakina zomwe zimalandilidwa ndi chinthu pakusintha kutentha ndi ntchito yomwe yachitika. D. kuchuluka kwa kutentha kwa chinthu panthawi ya kutentha.

Funso 7: Ndi ziti mwa mawu awa onena za mphamvu ya mkati zomwe sizoona? A. Mphamvu zamkati ndi mtundu wa mphamvu. B. Mphamvu zamkati zimatha kusinthidwa kukhala mphamvu zina. C. Mphamvu ya mkati ndi kutentha. D. Mphamvu ya mkati mwa chinthu imatha kuonjezedwa kapena kuchepetsedwa. Funso 8: Werengani kuchuluka kwa kutentha komwe kumafunika kuti mutenthe 5 kg ya madzi kuchokera pa 20°C kufika pa 100°C. Kutentha kwapadera kwa madzi ndi 4.18.103 J/kg.K. Funso 9: Yerekezerani kuchuluka kwa kutentha komwe kumachokera pamene chidutswa chachitsulo cholemera 2 kg chatsitsidwa mpaka 40 ° C pa kutentha kwa 500 ° C. Kudziwa kutentha kwenikweni kwachitsulo ndi 478J/kg.KA 219880 JB 439760 JC 879520 JD 109940 J. Funso 10: Chidutswa cha lead ndi zinc alloy ndi kulemera kwa 50g pa t = 136 ° C amayikidwa mu calorimeter ndi Kutentha kwa mphamvu 50 J/K yokhala ndi 100g yamadzi pa 14°C. Dziwani kuchuluka kwa zinki ndi lead mu aloyi yomwe ili pamwambapa, chifukwa kutentha kwapakatikati mu calorimeter ndi 18 ° C. Kunyalanyaza kusinthanitsa kutentha ndi chilengedwe chakunja.

Mphamvu yotentha ndi mphamvu yopangidwa ndi chipwirikiti cha mamolekyu (omwe ndi mphamvu ya kinetic ya mamolekyu). Thermal Energy imatanthauzidwa ndi E.

Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha kinetic molecular, kutentha kukakhala kokwera kwambiri, kumapangitsa kuti mamolekyu asokonezeke kwambiri, mphamvu zawo za kinetic zimakulirakulira. Chotero mphamvu yotentha ya mpweya uliwonse imadalira osati kokha kuchuluka kwa mamolekyu a gasi komanso kutentha kwa mpweyawo.

Kwa mpweya wa monatomic, wotengedwa kuchokera ku (7.4), mphamvu ya kinetic ya ma molekyulu a mpweya ndi: \( {{\ overline{E}}_{\text{d}}}=\frac{3} {2}kT \) (8.1)

Chifukwa chake, mphamvu yotentha ya gasi iliyonse ndi:

\( E=N. {{\ overline{E}}_{\text{đ}}}=\frac{N}{{{N}_{A}}}. {{N}_{A}} .\frac{3}{2}kT=\frac{3}{2}\frac{m}{\mu}RT \) (8.2)

kumene N ndi chiwerengero cha mamolekyu a gasi, NA ndi nambala ya Avogadro, R ndi mpweya wabwino wokhazikika, m ndi kulemera kwa gasi, ndipo \( \mu \) ndi kulemera kwa mole imodzi ya gasi.

Ngati tilingalira molekyulu ya gasi ya monatomic ngati chinthu cha mfundo, malo ake mumlengalenga amatsimikiziridwa ndi magawo atatu x, y, z – otchedwa 3 madigiri a ufulu. Kuchokera ku (8.1) tikhoza kunena kuti mphamvu ya kinetic ya molekyulu ya mpweya imagawidwa mofanana mu madigiri a ufulu, iliyonse yomwe ili \( \frac{1}{2}kT \).

Nthawi zambiri, Boltzmann adakhazikitsa lamulo la kugawa yunifolomu ya mphamvu yotentha mu madigiri a ufulu motere: Unyinji wa gasi umakhala wofanana kutentha, mphamvu yotentha ya mamolekyu a gasi imagawidwa mofanana mu magawo a ufulu, iliyonse imakhala \(\frac). {1}{2}kT \). Ngati ine ndi chiwerengero cha madigiri a ufulu wa molekyulu ya gasi, ndiye kuti mphamvu yotentha ya mulu wa gasi ndi: \( E=\frac{i}{2}\frac{m}{\mu}RT \) ( 8.3 )

Mamolekyu a gasi ali ndi i = 1, 2, 3; ndi ma atomu ndiye i = 3, 5, 6.

2. Mphamvu yamkati ya mpweya wabwino

Tikudziwa, mphamvu ndi chinthu chomwe chimadziwika ndi kayendetsedwe ka zinthu. Mphamvu yamkati ya U ya dongosolo ndi gawo la mphamvu yogwirizana ndi kayendetsedwe ka mkati mwa dongosolo, kuphatikizapo kutentha kwamphamvu R, mphamvu yolumikizana yomwe ingakhalepo pakati pa mamolekyu a mpweya Et ndi mphamvu mkati mwa molekyulu iliyonse ya EP.

\( U=E+{{E}_{t}}+{{E}_{P}} \) (8.4)

Kuti pakhale mpweya wabwino, timanyalanyaza kuthekera kwa kuyanjana kwa ma molekyulu, kotero: \( U=E+{{E}_{t}} \) (8.5)

Ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe, palibe kusintha kwa mkati mwa molekyulu, kotero \( {{E}_{P}}} = const \).

Choncho: \( dU=dE=\frac{i}{2}\frac{m}{\mu }RdT \) (8.6)

Kusintha kwa mphamvu ya mkati mwa mpweya wabwino kumafanana ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu ya kutentha kwa mpweya umenewo.

3. Kutentha ndi ntchito

Pamene dongosolo la thermodynamic likusinthanitsa mphamvu ndi kunja, kusinthanitsa kwa mphamvu kumeneko kumawonetsedwa mwa ntchito ndi kutentha.

Mwachitsanzo, mpweya wotentha mu silinda umakankhira pisitoni kuti isunthire mmwamba, timati gasi wachita ntchito A. Kuphatikiza apo, amawotcha pisitoni. Gawo la mphamvu ya gasi yomwe imasamutsidwa mwachindunji ku pistoni kuti itenthetse pisitoni imatchedwa kutentha Q.

Choncho, kutentha (kotchedwa.) kutentha) ndi gawo la mphamvu yotengera kutentha yomwe imasinthidwa mwachindunji pakati pa mamolekyu a dongosolo lomwe likuganiziridwa ndi mamolekyu a chilengedwe chakunja.

Mu dongosolo la SI, gawo la kutentha ndi joule (J). Kale, anthu ankagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya kutentha monga calori (cal). Tili ndi: 1 cal = 4.18 J kapena 1 J = 0.24 cal

Msonkhano wamasaini:

+ Gwirani ntchito A, kutentha Q kumakhala ndi zabwinobwino pomwe dongosolo limalandira kuchokera kunja.

+ Gwirani ntchito A, kutentha Q kumakhala ndi makhalidwe oipa pamene makinawa amaperekedwa kunja.

Kuti mupeze tanthauzo la ntchito ya gasi, taganizirani kuchuluka kwa mpweya womwe watsekeredwa mu silinda ndi pisitoni. Tangoganizani kuti mphamvu ya gasi imakankhira pisitoni m’mwamba. Pistoni ikasuntha mtunda dx, mpweya umagwira ntchito: \( dA=F.dx=pSdx=p.dV \) pomwe dV ndikusintha kwa voliyumu ya gasi. Chifukwa pisitoni imakwera, dV> 0. Koma malinga ndi mgwirizano wa chizindikiro, gasi wa ntchito ndi A

Chifukwa chake, tili ndi: \( dA=-pdV \) (8.7)

Pankhani ya gasi wothinikizidwa (kulandira ntchito), dV 0 \): mogwirizana ndi mgwirizano wa chizindikiro. Kotero (8.7) ndilo liwu loti kuwerengera mlingo wa ntchito ya gasi. Kuchokera apa, zikutsatira kuti ntchito yopangidwa ndi gasi pakusintha konse kuchokera ku boma (1) kupita ku boma (2) ndi:

\( A=-\int\limits_{(1)}^{(2)}{pdV} \) (8.8)

Ngati kusinthako kuli kwachilendo ndiye: \( A=-\int\limits_{(1)}^{(2)}{pdV}=-p\left( {{V}_{2}}-{ {V} _{1}} \kumanja) \) (8.9)

Kumene V1 ndi V2 ndi ma voliyumu a gasi m’magawo oyamba ndi omaliza.

Tanthauzo la geometrical la mawu oti ntchito (8.8): kukula kwa kufanana kwa mtengo wagawo la ndege yomangidwa ndi graph yoyimira kusintha kwamphamvu potengera voliyumu \( p=p(V) \) ndi yopingasa, yogwirizana ndi kusintha kuchokera ku boma (1) kupita ku boma (2). Onani chithunzi 8.2

Ntchito ndi kutentha nthawi zonse zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusintha kwina, timati ntchito ndi kutentha ndi ntchito za ndondomekoyi, timati ntchito ndi kutentha ndi ntchito za ndondomekoyi; Mphamvu zamkati zimagwirizana ndi dziko lililonse, timati mphamvu zamkati ndi ntchito ya boma. Mfundo za Thermodynamics zidzalongosola mikhalidwe yotembenuka ndi mgwirizano wochuluka pakati pa ntchito A, kutentha Q ndi mphamvu yamkati U ya dongosolo la thermodynamic.

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